Cervical spondylosis, often referred to as neck osteoarthritis, is a degenerative condition impacting the cervical discs, bones, and joints due to the natural aging process. As individuals grow older, these cervical discs begin to dehydrate and lose their flexibility, making this ailment prevalent among middle-aged and elderly populations.
With the deterioration of these discs and surrounding cartilage, bony projections known as osteophytes can develop within the neck region. These spurs can enlarge the cervical spine area or encroach on the pathways where spinal nerves exit, leading to a condition called cervical spinal stenosis. Consequently, individuals may experience neck pain and stiffness. While cervical spondylosis typically remains stable over time, some cases may require surgical intervention if symptoms become severe.
The primary risk factor for cervical spondylosis is simply aging. For individuals over the age of fifty, the cushioning properties of the intervertebral discs diminish, and surrounding ligaments and bone structures may thicken, narrowing the spinal canal. Past neck injuries and certain physical activities, such as gymnastics, might also heighten the risk. Additionally, poor posture can exacerbate spinal changes that contribute to the development of cervical spondylosis.
Common symptoms of this condition include neck pain and stiffness, along with less frequently reported issues such as dizziness, headaches, palpitations, nausea, abdominal pain, tinnitus, blurred vision, and cognitive disturbances. Research indicates a potential correlation between chronic neck pain and hypertension. Typically, symptoms can improve with rest but tend to worsen in the morning and evening hours.
If cervical spondylosis progresses to the point of causing spinal pressure (known as cervical stenosis), patients may experience cervical myelopathy. This condition manifests through difficulties in walking and hand coordination. Another possible complication is cervical radiculopathy, which occurs when bone spurs exert pressure on nearby nerves, resulting in pain radiating into the arms.
Diagnosis generally begins with a review of the patient’s symptoms and medical history, followed by a physical examination focused on the neck, back, and shoulders. Healthcare providers may assess reflexes and muscle strength in the arms and hands to evaluate sensation and monitor gait. Further diagnostic imaging, such as X-rays, CT scans, or MRIs, may be employed for more detailed analysis.
The majority of treatment options for cervical spondylosis are non-surgical. Surgical intervention is infrequently necessary and is usually reserved for cases where significant functional impairments occur, such as ongoing loss of sensation or motor function in the limbs. When surgery is performed, the objective is to alleviate pressure on the nerves and spinal cord, which may involve fusing vertebrae or inserting implants. Surgical approaches can be anterior, to remove affected discs and bone spurs, or posterior, to carry out procedures like laminectomy or laminoplasty which relieve spinal compression.
As with any surgical procedure, there are inherent risks involved, including the possibility of complications or infections related to anesthesia. Postoperative recovery often requires participation in structured rehabilitation programs.
